Blog of Translation

ACT I: Initiation

All translation components come together, a small ribosomal subunit binds to the messenger-RNA, and a tRNA with the anticodon of UAC binds with the codon AUG on the messenger-RNA.Then, the large ribosomal attached, the three sites, the A, P,E start to accept tRNAs. P site will contain the tRNA with growing peptide on it, and the A site is for the next tRNA to be added.

ACT II: Elongation

The protein synthese will occur. As more tRNAs come in in the A site, the older ones will pass on their amino acid to the new tRNA and exist by the E site. The transport is created by the peptide bond.

ACT III: Termination

The translation will stop when it reeaches a STOP codon, which is either a UAA, UAG, or UGA. Then, a protein, called release factor will cleave the polypeptide from the last tRNA.

Blog for RNA transcription

RNA transcription

ACT I: Initiation

 tOne strand is called the antisense strand or the template strand, this strand will be transcribed. The other strand will be called the sense strand or the coding strand, since there's only one transcribed strand. When transcripting, the product RNA have the same sequence as the coding strand, except that the T will be changed into U.The TATA box and the AAAUAAA in the DNA were found, they are the promoter region and that marks the correct position in the DNA.

ACT II: Elongation

The RNA polymerase will start to unwind the DNA strand, and coppying the coding strand, except it changed the T into U. The RNA will only be make from 5' to 3' the polymerase will start from the TATA box, and end at the AAAUAAA.

ACT III: Termination

When the RNA reaches the stop signal in the template, the RNA created will detach from the DNA strand, and the remaining DNA double helix reforms.

Blog- for DNA replication

DNA replication

The DNA in the organisms will replicate when it goes through cell mitosis in eukaryotes. The replication will occur as the cell grows and will occur countless of times in the whole period of the organism.

Act I: Initiation

In a specific point in the DNA, there's a orihin of replication, which is possible to have multiple of them. An rnzyme called helicase will come in and start to unwind the DNA. The helicase will break the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. The new single strand will be stabilized by the enzyme called single-strand-binding protein. When the DAN start to unwind, it will create two Y- shape areas at each ends called replication fork,results in a replication bubble.

Act II: Elongation
When elongation starts DNA polymerase II will attatch to a new RNA nucleotides to the parental strand in the 5' to 3' direction.

When the DNA replicates, the strand unwinds, creating two tamplates. The two templates all have different names. One of them is called the Leading strand, and the other one is called lagging strand. DNA polymerase will move in the same direction as the replication fork on the leading strand, attatching the nucleotides to the leading strand. On the lagging strand, DNA polymerase will have to move in the opposite direction , and the new strand will occur in forms of short segments called Okazaki fragments.

RNA prime is a short fragement of RNA produced by Primase. Once a prime is in place, a new DNA fragment is generated, which is the Okazaki fragment.
Eventually, the DNA polymerase I will remove the RNA pimer, and then the DNA ligase will join all the discontinous Okazaki fragments together.

Act III: Termination
As soon as the new strand is finished, it will rewind automatically with the parental strand. The two new DNA molecules separate from each other ans the replication machine is stopped.

Relations between Anatabolism and catabolism

Today in this blog, I will be explaining the relations between Catabolism and anabolism.

First, let's look at the general definition for catabolism and anabolism.

We first learn about the Anabolism. The general definition for Anabolism is the process of using energy to build large molecules from smaller molecules.

Here are the models we made in calss on friday.

           This one is for the Calvin cycle

This one is for the Cylic cycle.also the never ending one

This one is for the Non-cylic cycle. 

Catbolism means to break down the compound into small molecules while releasing energy.

In this chapter we have studyed for Catabolism, there's the Cyclic and non-cyclic cycle(light dependent), and the Calvin cycle. These are the processes we've learnt about how plants transform the photoms from light energy into glucose, the energy we can use.

Here are the three models for Catabolism

This one is for Glycolysis

This one is fro Kreb's Cycle

This one is for the final Electron Transport Chain.

Biology field trip to ROM

On friday, Mr. chung too us to the ROM museum and we listened to a lot of stories and not I am going to share my favourite story to you.

it is the story of the Mistletoe birds. The mistletoe birds are closely related to the plant mistletoe . It is the form of co evolution. The mistletoe plant can only grow on the top of a tree, and the seed just wont grow on the ground. After all these years, these two species have evolved into a special relationship.

After the mistletoe plant produce the seeds, it will usually be eaten by the mistletoe birds, unlike the other birds, these birds do not have the ogran full with rocks than helps them chew. And the seeds will produce a special chemical that makes the bird have to poop the seeds out with in 30minutes.  It is kind of dirty, but the seed will also produce a second kind of chemical that it is so stickly that it will stick to the butt of the mistletoe bird. It will  be so stickly, that there is no way for the seed to get off the bird by itself.

 The bird will feel unfortable and it will find a place to scrach it down. And that place will always be the top of some trees. After the seed has been scrabed down, it has nothing to do with the bird anymore, and the bird will leave, leaving the seed to grow. And the cycle continutes!

10 Points after last friday's lesson about PSI & PSII electron transport chain

10 points

1. If a protein loss electrons, it's oxidised, and if a protein gain an electron, it will become reduced.

2. The process of breaking up water H2O bonds are called photolysis.

3. For either PSI or PSII, they need sunlight inorder for them to gain the electron.

4. When the sunlight of wave kength 680 hit PSII, it will break up the water H2O, and then O bond with another O, therefore it forms a oxygen molecule and get release into the air.The two Hydrogen with form a sisterhood.

5. The protein PQ and B6F will form a bridge to let the hydrogen outside the plant cell to get inside.

6. In the end of the poassing electron,it will be passed to NADP, which it will break up the hydrogen "sisterhood" and became NADPH.

7. ATP synthase is a pump.

8. ADP is basically AD having two P molecules, D means double

9. when the ATP synthase is spinning, it will allow the hydrogn molecules to get out of the cell

10. When the hydrogens are moving out, it will slow the speed of the spin, and thus it will lett another P grab the whole ADP and then become ATP, T stands triple, this is the energy we need.

Biology fetal pig dissection comcepts

On last week thursday  we were doing the lab of dissecting fetal pig.

1. At this we got our little pig, it's only 24 cm long.

2. We can't really determine the sex of the pig because there's no physical appearence of sex organs.

3. We open the eyelid, we found out the eyes were undeveloped.

4. we then start to cut the pig

5. Cutting the lower half of the pig

6. After we opened up the lower body skins

7. This is the Liver of the pig, it's pretty big

8. This is the stomach of the pig, with the broken pancreas hanging on top of that.

9. Removing the intestines

10. The large & small intestines

11. The kidneys

12. The kidneys with adrenal gland on top of each one.

13. The stomach after we cut open, black stuff appeared, seems like dried blood

14. The second day, we cut open the upper body of the pig, and we saw the lung inside.

15. this is the lung.

15. When we removed the rest of the lower body, we found out the nerve of the pig, it looks just like a red rubber band.

16. This is the heart of the pig

17. Dissecting the heart, and we founf a bit dark colored bolld

18. Cutting off the check, to get the throid gland

19. This is the throid gland

20. Turning the pig around to get ready for the brain

21. Carefully cut open the pig's skull

22. Slowly opening the skull

23. Our brain doesn;t have a nice look, it seems like it hasn't been fully developed yet.

24. W took out most of the brain, everything we can get, and the hole is where the brain stem is

25. A picture of Jordan Fruitman's group's perfect brain

26. The eye of the pig, and the inside of the eye

The Story of Stuff: A Critical Analysis Answer questions in even number

2. What audiences do you believe Annie Leonard is trying to reach?

I think that Annie Leonard is trying to reach audiences who never recycle, always waste a lot. She was trying to reach all the people who are not aware about he problem-- including the people who doesn't know how the government and large companies are ruining our environment, and our community.

4. Why do you think Annie uses the format of a 20-minute video rather than another format, such as a report, web blog, or poster?

I think that video is better than any of the other ways is that videos can kind of let the audience feel that they are interacting with the person inside the video. With the use of  language such as "we all know"， or "maybe you don't know", Annie was able to let people truly know that they should be with her and their views has been changed. 

6. Who might disagree with Annie’s message? Why do you think they would disagree?

I think that the people from Government or large companies might disagree with Annie. They profits that they need to maintain, they don’t really want people to know the truth of their darkness of the business, and they don’t want their profit to be affected.

8. Has the story of stuff affected they way you think about consumption? If so, how?

The story truly affected they way I think, it’s the first time I ever heard about the pillows we brought home could be extreme toxic, and the most toxic substance was found in human breast milk. I now will stand by her side, and I will try my best to tell even more people to start recycling, tell them to reduce their daily waste, and save the earth.

Which fact was most surprising to you? Why?

The fact that “99% of the stuff that we create on planet earth I thrown in the garbage within 6 month” was most surprising to me. After I heard this information, I was shocked! After that, I recalled everything we are using in the daily life, food, daily uses, such as the coffee cup, pizza box, paper, or even electronic products such as earphones, most likely going to be thrown away within 6 month. It is true about we are over using earth’s resources, and there are just not enough for everybody if we keep living this kind of life style. We should stop this kind of life style, to give our children a better world.

Biology Question & Answers for Video Worksheet"The Cove"
My birthday is the 28th, so I'm posting the even number questions.

2. Taiji,Japan

4. The death, more precisely the "suicide" of the dolphin "Flippers".

6. Japan indirectly runs the TWC, because they give the other little island countries benefits to let them support Japan's dolphin industry.

8. The fisherman create a sound to affect the hearing of he dolphins and make them afraid, and then push them to the net which has low water and fisherman can kill them easily.

10. 23,000 were killed each year

12. Mercury was found in dolphin meat

14. The Japanese government use media to lead people away from the situation and covered it up.

16. The cause is that people are over fishing, statics shown that we will run out of sea fish in 40 years.

18. They tell people that it's actually whale meat.

20. The main character goes to the IWC and carried a screen performing the video tape they filmed in Taiji, the video of the sea run red because of the dolphin's blood.

22.Whaling was banned in 1986.

Biology population lab Questions- sept 6, 2014

Today in Biology Grade 12 class, Mr. Chung told us to do a lab called "Mark-Recapture Sampling" Lab to help us understand the method of Mark-recapture more.
It's Super fun!

1. compare your estimate of the size of the pasta population with the true size. how close were you?
 In the lab, we calculated that the population size twice, the first time the result was 1800, and the second time the result was 714,the average of them was 1257. After we counted the pasta one by one it turns out that the actual population was 615. We were 100% higher than the true population.


2.(a) What problem you think might affect the accuracy of your estimate?

For the first time, we thought that the total amount of pasta would be around 3-4 hundreds, so we took 40 of them out, and then we marked them. We shook them to mix it up.

Later on when we recaptured them, we recaptured 45 of it, but only 1 of them were marked, and we calculated the number that it has 1800 in total.(picture) We did one more trial, this time we took 100 of it, and marked it with a different mark. We recaptured exactly 100 of it and we got 14 marked, through calculation, we got that there's 714 in total. comparing to the real number, the first time was three times off, even the average was 100% off, but the second time was only  16% off. We decided to only take the second time and mark the first result as an outlier.
I think that underestimating the total population might affect the accuracy of the estimate. Because of the mistake, we captured and marked too little individuals. Also, later when we were shaking it, we only shook it for a few times, so when we recaptured, the marked ones were only in a small percentage, and made the result estimate population super big.
(b)
This activity was not completely valid in that the population was non-mobile. What problems might ecologists studying animal populations encounter?

For this Lab we did in class, we are in a controlled environment, so that we can try to count out every single one of it to gt he real population number. But in reality, scientists cannot count the real number of the population. Also, for the number of capturing individuals, there might not be enough marked ones. Since scientists must guest the real population. And that might results in a large flow in the result.

3. How might you improve your sampling design?
When capturing the sample, we need to wisely control the size, it would be good for around 15-20% of the total population.Because the first time, we only chose less than 10% of the total population, so we got a outlier. Next time, we will have to experience to guess the population before trails more clear to improve the sampling.