my biology blogs

Friday, December 12, 2014

Blog of Translation

ACT I: Initiation

All translation components come together, a small ribosomal subunit binds to the messenger-RNA, and a tRNA with the anticodon of UAC binds with the codon AUG on the messenger-RNA.Then, the large ribosomal attached, the three sites, the A, P,E start to accept tRNAs. P site will contain the tRNA with growing peptide on it, and the A site is for the next tRNA to be added.

ACT II: Elongation

The protein synthese will occur. As more tRNAs come in in the A site, the older ones will pass on their amino acid to the new tRNA and exist by the E site. The transport is created by the peptide bond.

ACT III: Termination

The translation will stop when it reeaches a STOP codon, which is either a UAA, UAG, or UGA. Then, a protein, called release factor will cleave the polypeptide from the last tRNA.

Blog for RNA transcription

RNA transcription

ACT I: Initiation

tOne strand is called the antisense strand or the template strand, this strand will be transcribed. The other strand will be called the sense strand or the coding strand, since there's only one transcribed strand. When transcripting, the product RNA have the same sequence as the coding strand, except that the T will be changed into U.The TATA box and the AAAUAAA in the DNA were found, they are the promoter region and that marks the correct position in the DNA.

ACT II: Elongation

The RNA polymerase will start to unwind the DNA strand, and coppying the coding strand, except it changed the T into U. The RNA will only be make from 5' to 3' the polymerase will start from the TATA box, and end at the AAAUAAA.

ACT III: Termination

When the RNA reaches the stop signal in the template, the RNA created will detach from the DNA strand, and the remaining DNA double helix reforms.

Blog- for DNA replication

DNA replication

The DNA in the organisms will replicate when it goes through cell mitosis in eukaryotes. The replication will occur as the cell grows and will occur countless of times in the whole period of the organism.

Act I: Initiation

In a specific point in the DNA, there's a orihin of replication, which is possible to have multiple of them. An rnzyme called helicase will come in and start to unwind the DNA. The helicase will break the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. The new single strand will be stabilized by the enzyme called single-strand-binding protein. When the DAN start to unwind, it will create two Y- shape areas at each ends called replication fork,results in a replication bubble.

Act II: Elongation
When elongation starts DNA polymerase II will attatch to a new RNA nucleotides to the parental strand in the 5' to 3' direction.

When the DNA replicates, the strand unwinds, creating two tamplates. The two templates all have different names. One of them is called the Leading strand, and the other one is called lagging strand. DNA polymerase will move in the same direction as the replication fork on the leading strand, attatching the nucleotides to the leading strand. On the lagging strand, DNA polymerase will have to move in the opposite direction , and the new strand will occur in forms of short segments called Okazaki fragments.

RNA prime is a short fragement of RNA produced by Primase. Once a prime is in place, a new DNA fragment is generated, which is the Okazaki fragment.
Eventually, the DNA polymerase I will remove the RNA pimer, and then the DNA ligase will join all the discontinous Okazaki fragments together.

Act III: Termination
As soon as the new strand is finished, it will rewind automatically with the parental strand. The two new DNA molecules separate from each other ans the replication machine is stopped.

Thursday, November 13, 2014

Relations between Anatabolism and catabolism

Today in this blog, I will be explaining the relations between Catabolism and anabolism.

First, let's look at the general definition for catabolism and anabolism.

We first learn about the Anabolism. The general definition for Anabolism is the process of using energy to build large molecules from smaller molecules.

Here are the models we made in calss on friday.

This one is for the Calvin cycle

This one is for the Cylic cycle.also the never ending one

This one is for the Non-cylic cycle.

Catbolism means to break down the compound into small molecules while releasing energy.

In this chapter we have studyed for Catabolism, there's the Cyclic and non-cyclic cycle(light dependent), and the Calvin cycle. These are the processes we've learnt about how plants transform the photoms from light energy into glucose, the energy we can use.

Here are the three models for Catabolism

This one is for Glycolysis

This one is fro Kreb's Cycle

This one is for the final Electron Transport Chain.

Monday, November 3, 2014

Biology field trip to ROM

On friday, Mr. chung too us to the ROM museum and we listened to a lot of stories and not I am going to share my favourite story to you.

it is the story of the Mistletoe birds. The mistletoe birds are closely related to the plant mistletoe . It is the form of co evolution. The mistletoe plant can only grow on the top of a tree, and the seed just wont grow on the ground. After all these years, these two species have evolved into a special relationship.

After the mistletoe plant produce the seeds, it will usually be eaten by the mistletoe birds, unlike the other birds, these birds do not have the ogran full with rocks than helps them chew. And the seeds will produce a special chemical that makes the bird have to poop the seeds out with in 30minutes. It is kind of dirty, but the seed will also produce a second kind of chemical that it is so stickly that it will stick to the butt of the mistletoe bird. It will be so stickly, that there is no way for the seed to get off the bird by itself.

The bird will feel unfortable and it will find a place to scrach it down. And that place will always be the top of some trees. After the seed has been scrabed down, it has nothing to do with the bird anymore, and the bird will leave, leaving the seed to grow. And the cycle continutes!

Tuesday, October 21, 2014

10 Points after last friday's lesson about PSI & PSII electron transport chain

10 points

1. If a protein loss electrons, it's oxidised, and if a protein gain an electron, it will become reduced.

2. The process of breaking up water H2O bonds are called photolysis.

3. For either PSI or PSII, they need sunlight inorder for them to gain the electron.

4. When the sunlight of wave kength 680 hit PSII, it will break up the water H2O, and then O bond with another O, therefore it forms a oxygen molecule and get release into the air.The two Hydrogen with form a sisterhood.

5. The protein PQ and B6F will form a bridge to let the hydrogen outside the plant cell to get inside.

6. In the end of the poassing electron,it will be passed to NADP, which it will break up the hydrogen "sisterhood" and became NADPH.

7. ATP synthase is a pump.

8. ADP is basically AD having two P molecules, D means double

9. when the ATP synthase is spinning, it will allow the hydrogn molecules to get out of the cell

10. When the hydrogens are moving out, it will slow the speed of the spin, and thus it will lett another P grab the whole ADP and then become ATP, T stands triple, this is the energy we need.